---

“The Duke of Buck: his Gohst”

Ye gastly Spiritts that haunt the gloomy night

With fearefull howlings all approach my sight

Lett your sad shreeks like Mandrakes fatal groanes1

m’assistants bee t’expresse the depth of moanes

and with Infernall Tapers2 round this place

5

that each eye may behould my dismall face

and there those bloody caracters unfould

engraven in envy and ambitious mould

O let each Accent with compassion pearce

the Brazen3 Bulwark of this Universe

10

That whilst my glowing tongue shall scorch your ears

your hearts may thawe into a dewe of Teares.

From pitchy darknes and eternall woes

Greifes Laborinth, where gnashing sorrowes flowes

From fyery draggons, and from croaking Toades

15

With dyrefull yellings, ecchoing dolefull Oades

From loathsome stench of feinds, from flashing flakes

from fearfull shadowes and from poysoned lakes

From darkest dungeon of hells deepe Abisse,

where joy’s unknowne, but all confusion is,

20

Loe my poore soule (exil’d to broyling flames

and doom’d to crall4 in everlasting streames

of woe and bitternes) from lowest grave

(through that seald priviledge wee damned have

to walke in death; till those immortall steynes

25

hatch’t in the bosome of our youthfull veynes

be purg’d from of the earth) with horror sounds

(then those prodigious Ecchoes which rebounds

from the fell Nightbirds5 tunelesse beake) salutes

the Machine of this world; which prostitutes

30

her knees, to things degenerate from kinde

things mortall seeing, but immortall blinde.

I Caytiffe6 now, not long since wing’d with fame

made glorious by that stile of Buckinghame

the Eye of Kings; chief Steeresman to a state

35

Imperious; in honour fortunate

A sceptre Scociate,7 a Soveraign deere

the Loadstarr8 of Great Brittaines hemisphere

Fixt in a Royal cave, for none to see

but the transparent Eye of Majestye

40

Like uncarv’d pumice in a file of pearle

A Prince, a duke, a Marquesse & an Earle

A Count, a Viscount, Lord & Knight9 and all

of vyolent birth; but of more vyolent fall

Who kick’t at heavens bright browe with scornefull heele

45

making Olimpus10 stoope, and Atlas11 kneele

As if in Phoebus12 chaire he meant to Raigne

and court bright Cinthia13 in great Charles wayne14

and with the gods from Pole to Pole rechase

Heaven’s starry Nimphs,15 along the Milky rase16

50

Much like that Piramyde by Gyant built,

Whose furious pride att heaven did run a tilt

Striving to scale Joves Towers,17 make gods to yeild

and pitch the collours in Elizeums feilds18

Even soe my thoughts, back’t on, with strong desire

55

Like Lebanons tall cedars19 still aspires

For as the Nurse the little babe doth shew

first how to stand, then by degrees to goe

Soe nature taught mee, ere I gan to rise

being prompt by subtile art, to Nimrodize20

60

Till that my wings reaching supernal21 Thrones

singeing thei’re plumes against the burning zoanes

Downe tumbled Pelion, uppon Ossa steepe22

and both on Icarius in Icarian deepe23

Thus when I deem’d my acts by fortunes cherish’t

65

my Anchor broke, and all my fortunes perish’t

Oft by aspiring wee assume to gett

but thereby prove unto ourselves a Nett

For when securitye had dul’d desire

Which with scorching had pass’d ambitious fyre

70

Even in the bloome and springtide of my dayes

Fearlesse of wrath and gardlesse of my wayes

Amid’st my imperfecions full of bread,

heaven showred contagion on my fearing head

barring mee out those lasting dores of glorye

75

and shutt mee in this fearfull Consistorye

Whose utmost secretts to relate and tell

the strange inactures24 of our bayfull25 cell

O man ’twould make thee horidly to looke

as if with some revengefull Plannett strooke26

80

disbulke thy Microfine27 make thy bloud

start from thy azure channells28 like a flood

shatter thy soule to atomes, change thy sight

like to the sheeted visions of the night

but theise ymmortall blazons29 are forebidd

85

To carnall intellects and therefore hidd.

Thou greate directresse of the night30 stand still

till I have gorg’d each yawning eare with fill

of direfull storye, make each stepp a station

till I have consumate this sadd Narration

90

And all yow hoast of heaven withdrawe your eyes

least from theire vengefull frontletts31 should arise

more horride deluges of cominacion32

against this wretched compound of damnacion

Oh what is man whose Origine and birth

95

Conceives their structure from a clodd of earth

from a poore abject mould his some of life

a living death a magozine of strife

Indeede the soule it is Etheriall

extract from breath, eterne,33 which never shall

100

suffer corrupcion, else were sinners blest

and in the end our sins should fynde a rest

If voyd of reason with the soulesse creature

we should reteyne, but only sense & feature

would I had been a beast, to bee noe more

105

Or still lock’t upp in Natures unknowne store

within those inesentiall shades of peace

before conception gave my life increase

Oh heaven most cruell to ordeyne creation

the harbinger and prologue to damnacion

110

To snatch att fraylty by the Infant heele

and dash her braines ’gainst hell with hands of steele

was I unto my parents acts agreeing?

Or did I seale consent unto my being?

punish th’offenders, let the act goe free

115

offences without actors cannot bee

But sin takes life and soe it chaunces

the roote being wither’d, still survives the branches

Thus I of our first parents sin partaker34

did reassay35 to justle with my Maker

120

Till all the elements did gaze with wonder

to heare the heavens rebound with earthly thunder

Oh ye Inhabitants on th’Elizean dales36

and did I c’leap37 yow cruell? reason fayles

and they were words on passions anvile forg’d

125

temper’d with drugs of woe & so disgorg’d;

Ye girded mee with wisdomes swadling cloathes

to knowe the Thistle from Vermillion Rose

T’have shun’d the perill of that poysonous grape

when hell did court mee in an angells shape

130

Had grace stept in ’twixt me and Satans kisse

I had been rang’d among the Saints ere this,

presented Orizons;38 to greate Johva’hs39 shrine

and chaunted Halleluiah to the Tryne;40

But when the gods did lend their hand to save mee

135

I grapled fast what hell and nature gave mee,

Till sinne through custome cauteriz’d my soule

makeing lardge passage in’t; I dranke that boule

Of Hecatts triple ban;41 scorn’d prohibition

made my heart thunderproof gain’st all contrition

140

On gloryes ayery topp I strive to fix

the standard of my hopes, there to commix

the fullnes of my will; though to attaine it

I harrow’d42 (hell) I would throug hell to gaine it

Oh sacriledge to heaven, when humane reason

145

thus traytors ’gainst her self with blast of treason

O nature most accur’st thus to assay

with sugred pills, thy Infant, to betray

the bosome suckling which thy paps43 did cherish

thy selfe hath slaughtered by thy hands did perish

150

Most like a Stepdame, with Hyena’s guiles44

steeping foule murder under fawning smiles

But though thy face to veiwe presents noe steynes

yet sable45 sins lurke in thy purple veynes

From fayrest flowers strong poyson oft proceedes

155

and fayrest shows, oft harbour fowlest deedes

O would Cymerean46 darknes had possest thee

when first to my composure47 thou adressed thee

My pensill had bin guiltlesse of thy forme

if metamorphis’d to the vilest worme

160

And I in concaves of my Mothers wombe

had chang’d my Mansion to a peacefull Tombe.

I emulate48 the happines of Flyes;

the least of Natures wonders, in what wise

they spend the little breviate of their tyme

165

in harmlesse solace, subject to noe cryme

and when the destinyes have clipt their wings

from their interments no memoriall springs

Noe swelling eylidds, nor obsequious rites

theire dust no marble cerements49 invites

170

Noe weeping Elegye, noe mournfull freind

about theire funerall hearses doe attend

Noe sting of conscience doth affright their grave

in Brasen50 volumes they their Quietues51 have

In mirth they live, peace they dye, & than

175

they are noe more; but ’tis not soe with man

When our portent52 is com’d, that we must goe

it is our entrance into greater woe.

The dawne and solstice53 of our days are sinn

and with our Autume doth our feares beginne

180

Oh lett that day bee subject of all scorne

wherein they said there is a Manchild borne

and lett it from all light exiled bee

least it disteine lights native puritye

Let darknes shadowe it and vayle of Night

185

with direful apparitions dread each sight

Whil’st howling doggs the night crow and the drake54

to Goblings, Goasts and Fayryes musicke make

And buzzing Screechowles, boding ruthfull things

beating each casement with theire fatall wings

190

and lett theire Echoes like to passing bells

in order chime my ever dying knells.

What bleareyde Plannett, gloring on my birth55

Could not even then returne mee to the earth

O may it bee a gazing stock to all

195

and beare the bitter curses of my fall

May it bee ever out of course and jarre

and by a nickname called the wandring starre

Let heaven make warre against it & on earth

Let wolves with howlings chardg it with my birth;

200

My life is made the glasse, the Schoole, the booke

wherein each eye may learne may reade, may looke

O lett it drawe from thence a brinish sea

and stretch compassion to the highest kea

and with my carcase I beseech you all

205

graunt my yet living name a funerall.

When first my name in Englands corte was spred

and in the eares of all men registred

unto some humble cottage would I’d gone

remote from sorrowe, to have liv’d alone

210

or in oblivions darkest cell, to have

turn’d Anchorite,56 and digg’d myself a grave

And with Heraclitus57 bewayld our ages

whose present acts, their future woes presages

Would on tymes swiftest wings I had been borne

215

into some desert, helpless and forlorne

and there both night and day ever to weepe

till age should charme me with eternall sleepe

Would I had led my life uppon the playnes

guiding my flocks ’mong’st other Shepard swaines

220

and there worne out my little phyle of dayes

chaunting my pretty lambs with roundelayes58

then had my acts, and with my acts my name

perish’t togeather, and escaped shame.

But wounds past cure cannot be film’d59 with care

225

but every thought still adds unto despaire

What the impartiall preassign’d to bee

Inviolate standeth, as the Medes decree,

Mortalles may strive and striving often gayne

but when gainst heaven they strive, tis all in vayne.60

230

Now did my glorye spred its goulden wings

and by the sacred influence of Kings

like to the flowers in continewall prime

Covers the face of Brittaynes beauteous clyme

As some portenteous figure in the Ayre

235

(precedent to some Omen) doth declare

The fearce occurences of strange events

drawne the eyes of all the Elements

as wondergazers and attendants on it,

Whil’st each conjecture ruminates uppon it:61

240

Soe flock’t togeather all the kingdomes eyes

Contract as in one browe to my arrise;

Not dreaming that my blazing did prefate62

a declination to theire palmye state

or my advauncement groundwork and imition63

245

to Murders, Treasons, Incest64 and ambition.

But as a huge and massy cannon, if

rays’d on the sommett of some towring cliffe

with greater vyolence and more commaund

batters all opposicions that withstand

250

his potent vollyes, whilst the neighbouring rocks

start att the roare of his Cyclopean shocks65

and with the terror of his thunder fills

the feilds, the valleyes and the lesser hills;

Soe I advaunced by a Regall powre

255

on each repugnant Thunderbolts did showre

subduing Heroes to my conquering beck66

setting my foote on each retorting67 necke

that durst presume to paralell my grace

or cover mischiefe with a better face.

260

Greate Albions Monarch68 whose divinest hand

first fix’t my foot steppes uppon gloryes land

(whereto I rush’t as to a second birth)

where every hillock was perfum’d with mirth,

each sprigg was gould, each feild a spangled mead69

265

bestraw’d with dyamonds and with a purple spred

whose glittering paths my servile70 heele unus’d

to tread with majesty, I base abusd

deceaving him whose heart was foe to guile

guilding my Temples with a Judas71 smile

270

And as the kidd which pastimes on the plaines

forsakes the tender dugg,72 the wanton traines73

of bubling founteines and the honyed feild

with abundance doth her fatness yeild

And battons on some craggy mounteyne, where

275

the eye of safety never slept, but feare

Fills hope with desperacion; I soe did I

Clyming to chaunge honnors for Soveraignity

But two things lack’t to perfect my renowne

the countryes favour, and the kingdomes crowne

280

Oft att the Throne I peeped through my spheare

but then the sunne did in myne eyes appeare

whose burning splendor sealed on my face

made hopings frustrate of that glorious place.

My name that scarce ere while could ratifye

285

a positive knowledge in the meanest eye

Which irrespect, att most vulgaritye

free from commerce of popularitye,74

Coop’d in oblivion with those wretched bratts,

Bratts on whome triumphing fortune conculcates75

290

As if confined to her boundlesse hate

by power of some irrevocable fate.

I but of late in Midnights mantle caught

from publique speculation, where noe thought

borne with Mercurian wing76 in my pursuite

295

or humane eye could ever prosecute

Nor did my revolucions once surmise

this gloomy sett, should ever hope for rise

Loe now the glorious god of day77 awakes

and from my feete these darkened fetters shakes

300

Lights from his Chariott, and with powerful charmes

Clipps78 Hyacinth’s79 in his sacred armes

Now greate Apollo on my cheeke doth laugh

and every knee bowes to the golden calfe80

I daunce on honnors goulden mounting topp

305

a Prince81 my scociate, and a King my propp

Elbowe my betters and my equalls sleight

as the proud Eagle doth the Region Kyte82

The statelye pynes and Cedars83 of the feild

submissive homage to my greatnes yield

310

The little fountaines pratling to the wayles84

telling of Buckingham each other tayles

Each optique85 passed this ravish’t from the deepe

of desperations Sea, begins to creepe

and fynding motion through that sacred fyre

315

sent from Majesticke rayes how to aspire

direccions foggy vapours doth deride

Striving with Dedal:86 to bee dyefyed

and made although a peacefull Empyres scarr

in majestys bright heaven a regnant starr

320

And now ambition swelling to her brim

Conniving deluges to each rotten limbe

of the distracted state, burst’s forth & rages

to th’utter ruine of ensuing ages

And least those now blowne sparks of wanton will

325

whose ardor each superbious87 act doth fill

with vigirous flames, should hide in their creacion

through want of nutrimentall applicacion.

I lur’d unto my fist an ayry crewe

of fawning Cicophants, that could renew

330

And with their oyley bellowings reinsense

the wayning light of my concupisence

Vertue I made a Curtezan to vyce

wherewith being masked might the more entice

Gloryes Pavillion88 changed to a stye

335

of loathsome lust, and base Hipocrisy

I pluck’t the Lillyes from fayre honnors bedd

and planted seede of Draggons in their stedd

Transform’d theire beautye to deformed hewe

the Rose to Nettle & sweete Tyme to Rewe.89

340

---

Source. Bodleian MS Ashmole 36-37, fols. 6r-10v

Pi37

Quick links to other poems within this section

Select page here P0. Introduction Pi1. lett Charles & george Pi2. Sith number with thy Pi3. Thy numerous name Pi4. Anagram of George Pi5. A yere of wonder Pi6. The Shepheards struck Pi7. Thus Buck-in-game Pi8. England was sick Pi9. Lord, what are wee Pi10. Beehold this Obsequie Pi11. This little Grave Pi12. The pale horse Pi13. Here lies Leachery Pi14. Here lyes great George Pi15. Great Buckingham’s Pi16. Pride lies heere Pi17. Fortunes darling Pi18. Heere lies a gratious Pi19. Had our great duke Pi20. Great potent Duke Pi21. And art thou dead! Pi22. Pale death, with Iron Pi23. Great Gorge, and art Pi24. Thou that on topp Pi25. What once was said Pi26. If good mens graces Pi27. Great Duke, which art Pi28. At Portsmouth Duke Pi29. Make haste I pray Pi30. No sooner had the Pi31. Great Duke, Although Pi32. Away, away, great George Pi33. My honour, favour, life Pi34. I that my countrey Pi35. Mother / My humble Pi36. The Argument is cold Pi37. Ye gastly Spiritts Pii1. Anagram on John Felton Pii2. Anagram on John Felton Pii3. Felton, awake Pii4. The heavens approve Pii5. Some say the Duke Pii6. The Duke is dead Pii7. Why: is our Age Pii8. Immortall Man of glorie Pii9. I mmortal man of glory Pii10. Enjoy thy Bondage Pii11. Sir, I your servant Pii12. You auntient Lawes Pii13. Feare not brave Pii14. Sorrow and Joy Pii15. Heere uninterr’d Pii16. Here uninterd suspends Pii17. Wants hee a grave Pii18. Is Felton dead? Pii19. Here Lyes the bonnes Pii20. Awake, sad Brittaine Piii1. M alignant characters Piii2. Heere lyes the best Piii3. Dearling off Kings Piii4. You braveing spiritts Piii5. I did not flatter thee Piii6. Yee snarling Satyrs Piii7. Heere lyes thy Urne Piii8. Sooner I may some Piii9. Yet weere Bidentalls Piii10. Reader stand still Piii11. Our countrie Merry Piii12. Honor, worth, greatnes Piii13. What! shall I say now Piii14. Who ever lov’d man Piii15. When Poets use to Piii16. Might Teares Revive Piii17. Death come thy selfe Piii18. Hee that can reade Piii19. Nourishd with sighs Piii20. When in the brazen Piii21. Reader when these Piii22. Noe Poets triviall rage

¹   Mandrakes fatal groanes: when pulled from the ground, the mandrake plant was supposed to emit a horrific scream that could strike unwary listeners dead. <back>

²   Tapers: candles. <back>

³   Brazen: literally brass, or hardened. <back>

⁴   crall: i.e. crawl. <back>

⁵   the fell Nightbirds: the screech owl’s. <back>

⁶   Caytiffe: i.e. caitiff; villain. <back>

⁷   A sceptre Scociate: an associate of a sceptre; a king’s associate. <back>

⁸   the Loadstarr: i.e. the lodestar; the pole or guiding star, by which sailors navigated. <back>

⁹   A Prince...Lord & Knight: Buckingham held numerous aristocratic titles (including Earl, Marquis and Duke of Buckingham, Viscount Villiers, Earl of Coventry, and Baron Whaddon), as well as a knighthood. <back>

¹⁰   Olimpus: Mount Olympus, the seat of the gods. <back>

¹¹   Atlas: in classical myth, Atlas held up the heavens. <back>

¹²   Phoebus: god of the sun. <back>

¹³   Cinthia: goddess of the moon. <back>

¹⁴   Charles wayne: “Charles’s wain” (wagon) was a group of seven stars in the Great Bear constellation. <back>

¹⁵   Heaven’s starry Nimphs: female goddesses. <back>

¹⁶   Milky rase: i.e. the Milky rays; alluding to the galaxy the Milky Way, or, more generally, to a heavenly path. The phrase could also have a sexual connotation, alluding to the female breast. <back>

¹⁷   that Piramyde by Gyant built...Joves Towers: in the classical myth of the giants’ war with the gods, the giants attempted to scale Mount Olympus by piling Mount Pelion upon Mount Ossa. <back>

¹⁸   Elizeums fields: the Elysian Fields, the realm of the blessed souls in the afterlife; here meaning heaven. <back>

¹⁹   Lebanons tall cedars: “For the day of the Lord of hosts shall be upon every one that is proud and lofty, and upon every one that is lifted up; and he shall be brought low: And upon all the cedars of Lebanon, that are high and lifted up, and upon all the oaks of Bashan” (Isaiah 2.12-13). <back>

²⁰   to Nimrodize: to act like a tyrant. Nimrod is depicted in Genesis 10:8-12 as “a mighty one in the earth” and “a mighty hunter”. <back>

²¹   supernal: on high; heavenly. <back>

²²   Downe tumbled Pelion, uppon Ossa steepe: Pelion and Ossa were the two mountains the giants attempted to pile upon each other to scale Olympus during their war with the gods. <back>

²³   Icarius in Icarian deepe: in the classical myth, Icarus flew too close to the sun which melted the wax holding on his wings, plunging him to his death in the waters below, thereafter known as the Icarian Sea. <back>

²⁴   inactures: the OED hesitantly defines “enacture” as a “carrying into act, fulfilment”. <back>

²⁵   bayfull: baleful; or, perhaps, full of baying, the howling of dogs. <back>

²⁶   with some revengefull Plannett strooke: in astrological thinking, to be under the influence of a revengeful planet. <back>

²⁷   disbulke thy Microfine: obscure. In context, it should refer to another type of severe bodily reaction (possibly the shedding of skin) that would occur if the true nature of hell were revealed to the living. <back>

²⁸   azure channells: blue veins. <back>

²⁹   blazons: sights, shows. <back>

³⁰   Thou greate directresse of the night: the moon. <back>

³¹   frontletts: foreheads. <back>

³²   cominacion: i.e. commination; threat of divine punishment. <back>

³³   eterne: eternal. <back>

³⁴   of our first parents sin partaker: all humans were understood to have inherited original sin from Adam and Eve. <back>

³⁵   reassay: try again. <back>

³⁶   th’Elizean dales: the Elysian Fields, resting place of the blessed in the afterlife; heaven. <back>

³⁷   c’leap: i.e. clepe; call. <back>

³⁸   Orizons: prayers. <back>

³⁹   Johva’hs: i.e. Jehova’s; God’s. <back>

⁴⁰   Tryne: the Holy Trinity—God, Christ and the Holy Spirit. <back>

⁴¹   Hecatts triple ban: the triple curse of Hecate. Hecate was a three-headed goddess of the underworld, patron of demons and instructor in witchcraft. <back>

⁴²   harrow’d: plundered. <back>

⁴³   paps: breasts. <back>

⁴⁴   Hyena’s guiles: the hyena was associated with falsity and treachery. <back>

⁴⁵   sable: black. <back>

⁴⁶   Cymerean: in classical myth, the Cimmerii lived in a land enshrouded in darkness. <back>

⁴⁷   composure: making, composition. <back>

⁴⁸   emulate: envy, aspire to. <back>

⁴⁹   cerements: shrouds for the dead. <back>

⁵⁰   Brasen: brass. <back>

⁵¹   Quietues: i.e. quietus; rest. <back>

⁵²   portent: doom. <back>

⁵³   solstice: mid-point. <back>

⁵⁴   drake: serpent, dragon. <back>

⁵⁵   What bleareyde Plannett...birth: astrological theory contended that the dominant planet (here “gloring”; shining or glowering) at the time of a child’s birth would influence the child’s destiny. <back>

⁵⁶   Anchorite: hermit. <back>

⁵⁷   Heraclitus: an ancient Greek philosopher. <back>

⁵⁸   roundelayes: songs. <back>

⁵⁹   film’d: covered up. <back>

⁶⁰   What the impartiall preassign’d...in vayne: presumably a reference to the divine predestination of human fates. Predestination is immutable, like the laws (“decree”) of the Medes and Persians (see Daniel 6.8). <back>

⁶¹   As some portenteous...ruminates uppon it: the analogy is to a portent, an aberrant occurrence in nature that was presumed to presage some future event or calamity. <back>

⁶²   prefate: preface, or perhaps predict. <back>

⁶³   imition: i.e. immission; introduction to, insertion in. <back>

⁶⁴   Incest: unlike murder, treason and ambition, this charge was not usually levelled at Buckingham. <back>

⁶⁵   Cyclopean shocks: some mythic traditions assert that the one-eyed Cyclops giants gave Zeus his thunderbolts, while others depict them as workers in the god Vulcan’s metal forge. Both traditions might therefore explain the noise to which this line alludes. <back>

⁶⁶   beck: gesture of command and control. <back>

⁶⁷   retorting: resisting, refusing. <back>

⁶⁸   Greate Albions Monarch: James I. <back>

⁶⁹   mead: meadow. <back>

⁷⁰   servile: Buckingham’s relatively humble (yet undoubtedly gentle) social origins were a target of much criticism. <back>

⁷¹   Judas: i.e. Judas Iscariot, the betrayer of Christ. <back>

⁷²   dugg: udder, teat. <back>

⁷³   traines: currents. <back>

⁷⁴   popularitye: in early seventeenth-century political discouse, “popularity” could often imply popular rebelliousness. <back>

⁷⁵   conculcates: tramps under foot. <back>

⁷⁶   Mercurian wing: the god Mercury, messenger of the gods, was often depicted with winged sandals. <back>

⁷⁷   god of day: Apollo-Phoebus. <back>

⁷⁸   Clipps: embraces. <back>

⁷⁹   Hyacinth’s: Hyacinth was a Spartan youth loved by Apollo. <back>

⁸⁰   the golden calfe: the golden idol worshipped by the Israelites in the wilderness (Exodus 32). <back>

⁸¹   a Prince: Prince Charles. <back>

⁸²   the Region Kyte: the scavenger bird (kite) of the sky. <back>

⁸³   The statelye pynes and Cedars: the great and powerful; the English nobility. <back>

⁸⁴   wayles: i.e. wales; waves or currents. <back>

⁸⁵   optique: unclear; perhaps “eye” works best. <back>

⁸⁶   Dedal: Daedalus, whose invention of wings allowed him to fly free from captivity in Crete. <back>

⁸⁷   superbious: arrogant. <back>

⁸⁸   Gloryes Pavillion: the royal court. <back>

⁸⁹   sweete Tyme to Rewe: the herbs thyme and rue. Thyme is sweet, rue bitter. <back>